| 2,954 | 57 | 18 |
| 下载次数 | 被引频次 | 阅读次数 |
联合国儿童基金会的"儿童友好型城市倡议"以维护儿童权利为核心,旨在推进有益于儿童发展的城市及社区环境建设,而"安全"是最基本的儿童权利。本文以儿童友好型城市倡议中社会、健康、出行三大层面的安全要求为基础,重点探讨如何在社区环境层面评价儿童的出行安全。研究从41篇国外指标类文献(含18项评价工具)和82篇其他类文献中提取出评价社区环境下儿童出行安全的相关指标,构建含有"机动车交通环境""步行/骑行环境""其他指标"三项一级指标的评价指标框架,并根据出行安全的不同维度,将其进一步分为11项二级指标、29项三级指标,以及若干四级指标。这一基于国外语境的出行安全指标框架虽然有待在地性验证,但将有助于对中国现有环境建设规范中出行安全的相关要求进行系统性完善、建立更为精细化的分层指标体系,为项目实践中的各阶段评估应用提供有益参考。
Abstract：The Child Friendly Cities Initiative launched by UNICEF aims to protect child rights and promote the establishment of urban and community environment conductive to children development, and safety must be guaranteed first as the precondition of the child rights. Based on social, health, and mobility safety required by the initiative, this paper focuses on how to evaluate children's mobility safety in the community environment. After literature review, 41 indicator articles involving 18 assessment tools and 82 other articles were screened, and safety-related indicators were selected to establish an evaluation indicator framework composed of three first-level indictors, i.e., motor traffic environment, walking/bicycling environment, and other indicators. They were further subdivided into 11 second-level indicators, 29 third-level indicators, and more fourth-level indicators. Although this framework needs localized verification and adaption in Chinese cities, it can help systematically improve the mobility safety requirements of the existing regulations and guidelines of urban environment construction to establish a multi-leveled indicator system and provide references for performance evaluation on related practice at all stages.
[1]Qiu,B.(2007).China's paradigm in the third urbanization wave.City Planning Review,31(6),9-15.
[2]China Young Pioneers National Working Commission,&China Youth and Children Research Center.(2007,November).The name of the children is today-the blue book of the development of contemporary Chinese children.Beijing:China Science Publishing and Media Ltd.
[3]UNICEF.(2018).Child Friendly Cities Initiative Handbook.Retrieved from https://www.unicef.org/media/56291/file/%E5%84%BF%E7%AB%A5%E5%8F%8B%E5%A5%BD%E5%9E%8B%E5%9F%8E%E5%B8%82%E8%A7%84%E5%88%92%E6%89%8B%E5%86%8C.pdf
[4]UNICEF.(2018,May).Shaping urbanization for children:Ahandbook on child-responsive urban planning.Retrieved from https://www.unicef.org/publications/files/UNICEF_Shaping_urbanization_for_children_handbook_2018.pdf
[5]UNICEF.(2018,April).Child Friendly Cities and Communities Handbook.Retrieved from https://www.unicef.org/eap/reports/child-friendly-cities-andcommunities-handbook
[6]UNICEF Innocenti Research Center,International Secretariat for Child Friendly Cities.(2004,March15).Building Child Friendly Cities:A Framework for Action.Retrieved from https://www.unicef-irc.org/publications/416-building-child-friendly-cities-aframework-for-action.html
[7]UNICEF.(n.d.).Child Friendly Community SelfAssessment Tool for Children.Retrieved from https://s25924.pcdn.co/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/SelfAssessment-Tool-for-Children.pdf
[8]Cruise,S.,Hunter,R.F.,Kee.F.,Donnelly,M.,Ellis,G.,&Tully,M.A.(2017).A comparison of road-and footpathbased walkability indices and their associations with active travel.Journal of Transport and Health,(6),119-127.doi:10.1016/j.jth.2017.05.364
[9]B?deker,M.,Finne,E.,Kerr,J.,&Bucksch,J.(2018).Active travel despite motorcar access.A city-wide,GIS-based multilevel study on neighborhood walkability and active travel in Germany.Journal of Transport and Health,(9),8-18.doi:10.1016/j.jth.2018.03.009
[10]Millington,C.,Thompson,C.W.,Rowe.D.A.,Aspinall,P.,Fitzsimons,C.,Nelson,N.M.,&Mutrie,N.(2009).Development of the Scottish Walkability Assessment Tool(SWAT).Health and Place,15(2),474-481.doi:10.1016/j.healthplace.2008.09.007
[11]Rosenberg,D.E.,Ding,D.,Sallis,J.F.,Kerr,J.,Norman,G.J.,Durant,N.,…Saelens,B.E.(2009).Neighborhood Environment Walkability Scale for Youth(NEWS-Y):Reliability and Relationship with Physical Activity.Preventive Medicine,49(2),213-218.doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2009.07.011
[12]Pikora,T.,Bull,F.,Jamrozik.K.,Knuiman,M.,Gilescorti,B.,&Donovan,R.J.(2002).Developing a reliable audit instrument to measure the physical environment for physical activity.American Journal of Preventive Medicine,23(3),187-194.doi:10.1016/S0749-3797(02)00498-1
[13]Sallis,J.F.,Cain,K.L.,Conway.T.L.,Gavand,K.L.,Millstein,R.A.,Geremia,C.M.,…King,A.C.(2015).Is Your Neighborhood Designed to Support Physical Activity?ABrief Streetscape Audit Tool.Preventing Chronic Disease,12(9),1-11.doi:10.5888/pcd12.150098
[14]Emery,J.,Crump,C.,&Bors,P.(1998).Walking and Bicycling Suitability Assessment.Retrieved from http://wabsa.web.unc.edu/
[15]Troped,P.J.,Cromley,E.K.,Fragala,M.S.,Melly,S.J.,Hasbrouch,H.H.,Gortmaker,S.L.,&Brownson,R.C.(2006).Development and Reliability and Validity Testing of an Audit Tool for Trail/Path Characteristics:The Path Environment Audit Tool(PEAT).Journal of Physical Activity and Health,3(S1),S158-S175.doi:10.1123/jpah.3.s1.s158
[16]Clifton,K.J.,Smith,A.L.,&Rodriguez,D.A.(2007).The Development and Testing of an Audit for the Pedestrian Environment.Landscape and Urban Planning,80(1),95-110.doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2006.06.008
[17]Williams,J.E.,Evans,M.,Kirtland,K.A.,Cavnar,M.M.,Sharpe,P.A.,Neet,M.J.,…Cook,A.(2005).Development and Use of a Tool for Assessing Sidewalk Maintenance as an Environmental Support of Physical Activity.Health Promotion Practice,6(1),81-88.doi:10.1177/1524839903260595
[18]Hoehner,C.M.,Ivy,A.,Brennan Ramirez,L.K.,Handy,S.L.,&Brownson,R.C.(2007).Active Neighborhood Checklist:A User-Friendly and Reliable Tool for Assessing ActivityFriendliness.American Journal of Health Promotion,21(6),534-537.doi:10.4278/0890-1171-21.6.534
[19]Kaczynski,A.T.,Wilhelm Stanis,S.A.,Besenyi,G.M.(2012).Development and Testing of a Community Stakeholder Park Audit Tool.American Journal of Preventive Medicine,42(3),242-249.doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2011.10.018
[20]Saelens,B.E.,Frank,L.D.,Auffrey,C.,Whitaker,R.C.,Burdette,H.L.,&Colabianchi,N.(2006).Measuring Physical Environments of Parks and Playgrounds:EAPRSInstrument Development and Inter-Rater Reliability.Journal of Physical Activity and Health,3(s1),190-207.doi:10.1123/jpah.3.s1.s190
[21]Saelens,B.E.(2006,July).Environmental Assessment of Public Recreation Spaces(EAPRS)Tool.Retrieved from https://www.activelivingresearch.org/environmentalassessment-public-recreation-spaces-eaprs-tool
[22]Peltola,H.,Rajam?ki,R.,&Luoma,J.(2013).A tool for safety evaluations of road improvements.Accident Analysis and Prevention,(60),277-288.doi:10.1016/j.aap.2013.04.008
[23]Freeman,L.,Neckerman,K.M.,Schwartz-Soicher,O.,Quinn,J.W.,Richards,C.,Bader,M.D.M.,…Rundle,A.(2013).Neighborhood walkability and active travel(walking and cycling)in New York City.Journal of Urban Healthbulletin of The New York Academy of Medicine,90(4),575-585.doi:10.1007/s11524-012-9758-7
[24]Saelens,B.E.,Sallis,J.F.,&Frank,L.D.(2003).Environmental correlates of walking and cycling:Findings from the transportation,urban design,and planning literatures.Annals of Behavioral Medicine,25(2),80-91.doi:10.1207/S15324796ABM2502_03
[25]Buck,C.,Tkaczick,T.,Pitsiladis,Y.P.,De Bourdehaudhuij,I.,Reisch,L.A.,Ahrens,W.,&Pigeot,I.(2014).Objective measures of the built environment and physical activity in children:From walkability to moveability.Journal of Urban Health-bulletin of The New York Academy of Medicine,92(1),24-38.doi:10.1007/s11524-014-9915-2
[26]Bird,M.E,Datta,G.D.,Van Hulst,A.,Kestens,Y.,&Barnett,T.A.(2015).A reliability assessment of a directobservation park evaluation tool:The Parks,Activity and Recreation among Kids(PARK)tool.BMC Public Health,15(1),906-916.doi:10.1186/s12889-015-2209-0
[27]Rigolon,A.,&Németh,J.(2018).A QUality INdex of Parks for Youth(QUINPY):Evaluating urban parks through geographic information systems.Environment and Planning B:Planning and Design,45(2),275-294.doi:10.1177/0265813516672212
[28]Jenkins,G.,Yuen,H.K.,Rose,E.J.,Maher,A.I.,Gregory,K.C.,&Cotton,M.E.(2015).Disparities in Quality of Park Play Spaces between Two Cities with Diverse Income and Race/Ethnicity Composition:A Pilot Study.International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health,12(7),8009-8022.doi:10.3390/ijerph120708009
[29]Orso,G.,&Migliore,M.(2020).A GIS-based method for evaluating the walkability of a pedestrian environment and prioritised investments.Journal of Transport Geography,(82),102555.doi:10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2019.102555
[30]Janssen,I.,Ferrao,T.,&King,N.(2016).Individual,family,and neighborhood correlates of independent mobility among 7 to 11-year-olds.Preventive Medicine Reports,(23),98-102.doi:10.1016/j.pmedr.2015.12.008
[31]Carver,A.,Panter,J.,Jones,A.,&Van Sluijs,E.M.F.(2014).Independent mobility on the journey to school:A joint cross-sectional and prospective exploration of social and physical environmental influences.Journal of Transport and Health,1(1),25-32.doi:10.1016/j.jth.2013.12.003
[32]Lin,E.,Witten,K.Oliver,M.Carroll,P.,Asiasiga,L.,Badland,H.,&Parker,K.(2017).Social and builtenvironment factors related to children’s independent mobility:The importance of neighbourhood cohesion and connectedness.Health and Place,(46),107-113.doi:10.1016/j.healthplace.2017.05.002
[33]Kytta,M.(2004).The extent of children’s independent mobility and the number of actualized affordances as criteria for child-friendly environments.Journal of Environmental Psychology,24(2),179-198.doi:10.1016/S0272-4944(03)00073-2
[34]Ghekiere,A.,Deforche,B.,Carver,A.,Mertens,L.,De Geus,B.,Clarys,P.,…Van Cauwenberg,J.(2017).Insights into children’s independent mobility for transportation cycling:Which socio-ecological factors matter?Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport,20(3),267-272.doi:10.1016/j.jsams.2016.08.002
[35]Sharmin,S.,&Kamruzzaman,M.(2017).Association between the built environment and children’s independent mobility:A meta-analytic review.Journal of Transport Geography,(61),104-117.doi:10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2017.04.004
[36]Gilbert,H.,Whitzman,C.,&Pieters,J.,&Allan,A.(2018).Children’s everyday freedoms:Local government policies on children and sustainable mobility in two Australian states.Journal of Transport Geography,(71),116-129.doi:10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2018.07.007
[37]Buliung,R.,Larsen,K.,Faulkner,G.,&Ross,T.(2017).Children’s independent mobility in the City of Toronto,Canada.Travel Behaviour and Society,(9),58-69.doi:10.1016/j.tbs.2017.06.001
[38]Stark,J.,Frühwirth,J.,&Aschauer,F.(2018).Exploring independent and active mobility in primary school children in Vienna.Journal of Transport Geography,(68),31-41.doi:10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2018.02.007
[39]Cordovil,R.,Lopes,F.,&Neto.C.(2015).Children’s(in)dependent mobility in Portugal.Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport,18(3),299-303.doi:10.1016/j.jsams.2014.04.013
[40]Bhosale,J.,Duncan,S.,&Schofield,G.(2017).Intergenerational change in children’s independent mobility and active transport in New Zealand children and parents.Journal of Transport and Health,(7),247-255.doi:10.1016/j.jth.2017.09.004
[41]Ruiz-Padillo,A.,Pasqual,F.M.,Uriarte,A.M.L.,&Cybis,H.B.B.(2018).Application of multi-criteria decision analysis methods for assessing walkability:A case study in Porto Alegre,Brazil.Transportation Research Part D:Transport and Environment,(63),855-871.doi:10.1016/j.trd.2018.07.016
[42]Schoeppe,S.,Duncan,M.J.,Badland,H.,Oliver,M.,&Curtis,C.(2013).Associations of children’s independent mobility and active travel with physical activity,sedentary behaviour and weight status:A systematic review.Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport,16(4),312-319.doi:10.1016/j.jsams.2012.11.001
[43]Veitch,J.,Carver,A.,Salmon,J.,Abbott,G.,Ball,K.,Crawford,D.,…Timperio,A.(2017).What predicts children’s active transport and independent mobility in disadvantaged neighborhoods?Health and Place,(44),103-109.doi:10.1016/j.healthplace.2017.02.003
[44]Crawford,S.,Bennetts,S.K.,Hackworth,N.J.,Green,J.,Graesser,H.,Cooklin,A.,…Nicholson,J.M.(2017).Worries,‘weirdos’,neighborhoods and knowing people:a qualitative study with children and parents regarding children’s independent mobility.Health and Place,(45),131-139.doi:10.1016/j.healthplace.2017.03.005
[45]Giles-Corti,B.,Wood,G.,Pikora,T.,Learnihan,V.,Bulsara,M.,Van Niel,K.P.,…Villanueva,K.(2011).School site and the potential to walk to school:The impact of street connectivity and traffic exposure in school neighborhoods.Health and Place,17(2),545-550.doi:10.1016/j.healthplace.2010.12.011
[46]Hume,C.,Timperio,A.,Salmon,J.,Carver,A.,Gilescorti,B.,&Crawford,D.(2009).Walking and Cycling to School Predictors of Increases among Children and Adolescents.American Journal of Preventive Medicine,36(3),195-200.doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2008.10.011
[47]Battista,G.A.,&Manaugh,K.(2019).Generating walkability from pedestrians’perspectives using a qualitative GISmethod.Travel Behaviour and Society,(17),1-7.doi:10.1016/j.tbs.2019.05.009
[48]Leden,L.,Garder,P.,Schirokoff,A.,Monterdeibort,H.,Johansson,C.,&Basbas,S.(2014).A sustainable city environment through child safety and mobility:A challenge based on ITS?Accident Analysis and Prevention,(62),406-414.doi:10.1016/j.aap.2013.06.013
[49]Gitelman,V.,Levi,S.,Carmel,R.,Korchatov,A.,&Hakkert,S.(2019).Exploring patterns of child pedestrian behaviors at urban intersections.Accident Analysis and Prevention,(122),36-47.doi:10.1016/j.aap.2018.09.031
[50]Poku-Boansi,M.,Amoako,C.,&Atuah,D.O.(2019).Urban travel patterns and safety among school children around Accra,Ghana.Journal of Transport and Health,(15),100-660.doi:10.1016/j.jth.2019.100660
[51]Long,Y.,&Chen,Y.(2017).A special issue on street walkability in Shanghai Planning Review.Retrieved from https://www.beijingcitylab.com/projects-1/22-streeturbanism/
[52]Weitzman,C.,Chen,Y.,&Luo,Z.(2008).Policies and Practices that Promote Children's Independent Mobility.Urban Planning International,23(5),56-61.doi:10.3969/j.issn.1673-9493.2008.05.009
[53]Meng,X.,Li,L.,&Fu,B.(2019).Progress and Enlightenment of Research on Children’s Independent Activity Abroad.Human Geography,34(4),20-31.
[54]Natural Resources Defense Council,&School of Architecture,Tsinghua University.(2019,May).Evaluation of walkability in Chinese Cities-Research on Walkability of Urban Vitality Center.Retrieved from https://www.beijingcitylab.com/projects-1/22-street-urbanism/
(1)《儿童安全步行十年倡导报告》显示,2005~2012年间,中国私家车数量与0~14岁儿童人口数量之比从1:8.5增至1:2,增幅达2.25倍。
(1)According to the Ten-Year Report on Children's Safe Walking,from 2005 to2012 the ratio between the amount of private cars and children's population aged below14 in China increased from 1:8.5 to 1:2 by a growth of 2.25-times.
(2)本文中的社区环境是指在一定行政区划范围内的社区户外公共空间环境。
(2)The community environment in this paper refers to the outdoor public space of a community in an administrative area.
(3)随着儿童的成长,其活动半径会逐渐扩大。为了保证儿童随着年龄增长可逐渐实现独立出行,适合儿童活动的各空间点之间应存在连续的安全路径。
(3)Children's activity radius gradually expands as they grow up,which requires high continuity of safe paths between various spaces to ensure CIM.
(4)如2018年大众汽车集团(中国)与中国妇女发展基金会共同启动的“儿童交通友好社区”项目
(4)Such as the Children Mobility Friendly Community colaunched by the Volkswagen Group(China)and the China Women's Development Foundation in 2018
基本信息:
DOI：
中图分类号:TU984.12
引用信息:
[1]徐梦一,沈瑶,廖堉珲等.基于国外文献综述的社区环境儿童出行安全评价指标[J].景观设计学,2020,8(02):10-25.
基金信息: